STRO Membranes for High-Salinity Wastewater: Basic Introduction
STRO, or special tubular reverse osmosis, is a type of membrane process used in some high-salinity or difficult wastewater applications. Compared with conventional spiral-wound RO elements, STRO systems are often considered for wastewater streams with higher fouling tendency or higher operating pressure requirements. Typical applications may include RO concentrate treatment, landfill leachate, high-salinity wastewater, industrial […]
What to Consider Before Choosing a ZLD Pretreatment Process
Zero Liquid Discharge, or ZLD, is used in industries where wastewater discharge needs to be minimized or where water recovery is important. A complete ZLD system may include pretreatment, membrane concentration, evaporation, crystallization and solids handling. Pretreatment is one of the most important parts of a ZLD system. If pretreatment is not properly designed, downstream […]
Common Challenges in Cooling Tower Blowdown Treatment
Cooling tower blowdown is one of the common wastewater streams in industrial plants. It usually contains higher concentrations of dissolved salts, hardness, suspended solids, silica, corrosion inhibitors, organic matter and other substances accumulated during cooling water circulation. For many factories, treating cooling tower blowdown is not simple. The water quality may change with production load, […]