Membrane systems are widely used in industrial water treatment, wastewater reuse, desalination, RO pretreatment and high-salinity wastewater concentration. However, a membrane system cannot be properly designed without basic water quality data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The first important parameter is flow rate. Engineers need to know average flow, peak flow and daily operating hours. This affects membrane area, pump selection and system layout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The second group of data includes suspended solids, turbidity and SDI. These parameters help evaluate fouling risk and pretreatment requirements before RO, NF or other membrane systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The third group includes dissolved salts and scaling components, such as TDS, conductivity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, silica, sulfate, chloride and alkalinity. These are important for RO, NF, STRO and ZLD pretreatment design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The fourth group includes organic and biological indicators, such as COD, BOD, TOC, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and microorganisms. These affect membrane fouling, biological growth and process selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The fifth group includes special contaminants such as oil, heavy metals, fluoride, iron, manganese or specific industrial chemicals. These may require additional pretreatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temperature and pH are also important because they affect membrane performance, chemical compatibility and cleaning methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Project owners should also define the target: reuse, discharge, RO feed water, boiler feed water, cooling water makeup, concentration, ammonia recovery or ZLD pretreatment. Different targets require different treatment processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Providing complete water quality data at the beginning can save time and reduce design risk. If data are incomplete or water quality changes frequently, pilot testing may be recommended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A membrane system should always be designed based on real water conditions, not only on product specifications.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Membrane systems are widely used in industrial water treatment, wastewater reuse, desalination, RO pretreatment and high-salinity wastewater concentration. However, a membrane system cannot be properly designed without basic water quality data. The first important parameter is flow rate. Engineers need to know average flow, peak flow and daily operating hours. This affects membrane area, pump […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-272","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-engineering-guide"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=272"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/272\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":273,"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/272\/revisions\/273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=272"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=272"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pallgroupinc.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}